« 


ANALYSIS  OF  STOCK  TONICS 


BY 


VALENTINE  A.  JONES 


THESIS 


FOR  THE 

DEGREE  OF  BACHELOR  OF  SCIENCE 

IN 

CHEMISTRY 


COLLEGE  OF  LIBERAL  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


1921 


* 


"3T 


•? 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


jRs tai&jy. . . .4. 1 9 k;  1 . 


THIS  IS  TO  CERTIFY  THAT  THE  THESIS  PREPARED  UNDER  MY  SUPERVISION  BY 


VALENTINE  A.  JOKES 


ENTITLED ...ANALYSIS..  .QX.SJLQ&IL  XSO.C.S.... 


IS  APPROVED  BY  ME  AS  FULFILLING  THIS  PART  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE 
DEGREE  OF  


Infractor  in  Charge 


1 


ACKNOWL  3.DG  m 3NT 


The  writer  wishes  to  expres 
appreciation  to  Dr.  S.  A.  Braley  fo 
suggestion  of  this  thesis  and  also 
constant  interest  and  helpful  sugge 
during  this  investigation. 


s hi  s 
r hi  s 
for  his 
stions 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/analysisofstocktOOjone 


-2- 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


I.  INTRODUCTION  AND  PURPOSE  OF  INVESTIGATION. 

II.  EXPERIMENTAL. 

III.  DISCUSSION. 

IV.  SUMMARY . 

V . ACKNO WLEDG EM  ENT . 


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I.  Introduction  and  Purpose. 

In  recent  years  the  problem  of  securing  an 
adequate  tonic  for  the  most  common  of  stock  diseases  has 
attained  considerable  importance.  At  the  present  there 
are  a large  number  of  so-called  stock  remedies  on  the  mar- 
ket, claiming  the  ability  to  cure  various  types  of  diseases* 

The  purpose  of  this  investigation  is  to 
analyse  as  many  of  the  more  common  tonics  as  possible  in 
order  to  determine  the  principle  and  most  common  ingredients 
and  to  establish  a general  system  of  analysis  of  the  various 
forms  of  such  tonics.  An  endeavor  was  also  to  be  made  to 
formulate  a list  of  the  substances  analysed  and  tneir 
medicinal  value.  A review  of  the  literature  failed  to  re- 
veal any  work  wnich  nad  been  done  of  tnis  nature.  In  order 
to  establish  a general  system  of  analysis  it  was  deemed 
necessary  to  try  aifterent  methods  of  analyses  and  to 
determine  by  experiment  which  method  gave  the  most  accurate 
results  in  the  easiest  and  quickest  manner. 


1 


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II.  Experimental . 

The  manufacturer  of  stock  tonics  usually  puts  up  his 
preparations  for  the  market  in  various  forms.  Some  are  as 
powders,  mechanically  mixed,  others  as  a liquid  with  water  as 
the  usual  solvent,  wnile  many  are  pressed  in  the  form  of  a 
salt  block.  It  was  the  aim  of  the  writer  to  investigate  at 
least  two  of  each  type.  Instead  of  giving  the  trade  name  of 
the  stock  tonics  analysed , they  are  labelled  as  Sample  #1,  #2, 
etc . 


Sample  Si* 

This  stock  tonic  was  of  the  powder  type,  mechan- 
ically mixed,  black  in  color  and  was  one  of  the  most  common 
of  the  powder  form.  A qualitative  determination  of  the  ingre  - 
dients  showed  that  it  was  composed  of  the  following  substances. 

1.  Charcoal  (ground) 

2.  Sodium  sulphate 

3.  Moisture 

The  charcoal  was  determined  qualitatively  as  insoluble  matter 
by  simply  dissolving  a five  gram  sample  in  water  and  fil- 
tering off  the  insoluble  cnarcoal  in  a weighed  Gooch  crucible 
and  washing  with  water  several  times.  The  filtrate  was  then 
used  for  the  determination  of  the  sodium  sulphate.  The  usual 
method  of  precipitation  with  Barium  Chloride  was  used  and 
precipitate  allowed  to  settle  and  tnen  filtered  through  a 
weighed  Gooch  crucible,  dried  and  weigheu. 

The  moisture  determinat ion  was  made  in  tne  usual 


manner  by  weighing  out  five  grams  and  placing  the  weighing 
bottle  in  an  oven  for  an  hour  at  10b°C. 


' 

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* 


' 

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’ 

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-5- 


An  microscopic  examination  was  made  of  tiie  water 
insoluble  resiaue  to  determine  if  seeds,  roots,  or  barxs  were 
present.  Several  slides  were  raaae  with  the  insoluble  residue 
and  on  close  examination  the  only  substance  that  seemed  to  be 
present  was  the  charcoal. 

The  following  results  of  this  analysis  are  as 

follows : 

Results : 


Moisture 42.  4Q% 

Sodium  Sulphate 48.63 % 

Insoluble  Matter.  . . . 8 ♦ 96> 
Total 99.99# 

Calculation  on  a dry  basis: 

Sodium  Sulpnate 84.44% 

Insoluble  Matter. . . . lb . 55% 

99.99% 


' 


.... 

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. 

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-6- 


Sample  #2. 

This  stock  tonic  was  of  the  powder  form.  A short 
qualitative  was  run  with  the  results  that  the  following  sub- 
stances were  found;  charcoal,  free  sulphur,  sulphates,  and 
small  seeds. 

Quantitative  Methods. 

Sulphates  were  determined  in  tne  usual  way  with  Barium 
Ohio  ride . 

Carbon  Disulphide  extraction  by  means  of  the  Soxhlet 
extractor  was  used  for  tne  determination  of  free  sulphur  . 

Moisture  was  determined  in  the  usual  way. 

The  insoluble  matter  including  the  seed  was  determined 
by  dissolving  a five  gram  samole  in  water  and  then  filtering 
through  a weighed  Gooch,  dried,  and  weighed. 

Under  tne  supposition  that  the  seed  was  a species  of 
the  wormseed,  an  attempt  was  made  to  extract  any  alkaloid 
present.  The  standard  method  of  alkaloidal  extraction  ac- 
cording to  Autenreith  and  Warren  was  carried  out. 

(Autenreitn  and  Warren  "Detection  of  Poisons") 

After  tne  final  step  of  tne  procedure  was  finished,  tests 
with  the  various  alxaloiual  reagents  such  as  Mercury  Chloride, 
Iodo-Potassium  Iodide,  Potassium  Mercuric  Iodode  were  made 
without  result.  Tne  method  was  again  carefully  repeated  and, 
as  in  the  former  case,  a negative  result  was  obtained.  It 
was  decided  that  tne  seed  nau  really  no  medicinal  value  and 
its  use  was  simply  as  a filler  to  give  weight  to  the  tonic. 


> 

■ 


-7- 


The  analysis  showed  the  following  results: 


Sodium  Sulphate 4S.Q 8/o 

Free  Sulphur b . lS/<- 

Moisture 6.64/<? 


Insoluble  Matter.  ...  4b.  02/*; 
( charcoal , seed) 

±oo7TW° 

Analysis  on  dry  basis:; 


Sodium  Sulphate 4o.l7$ 

Free  Sulphur 6.63^ 


Insoluble  Matter.  . . . 48 . 3 2/o 

100. 12/b 


. 



. 


. . . 
. 


-S- 


Sampls  #3. 

Since  the  fact  that  many  of  the  stock  tonics  con- 
tain many  similar  constituents,  one  is  able  to  almost  identi- 
fy their  composition  with  the  eye.  The  next  sample  analysed 
showed  the  presence  of  iron,  sulphate,  free  sulphur  and 
silica. 


Quantitative  Methods. 

Free  sulphur  was  determined  by  extraction  with  Carbon 
Disulphide  in  the  Soxhlet. 

Iron  in  the  form  of  Ferric  Oxide  was  determined  as  in 
Sample  $5. 

The  usual  method  of  determining  sulphates  with  barium 
Chloride  was  used  for  Sodium  Sulphate. 

The  percentage  of  Silica  was  obtained  by  the  method 
given  under  Sample  #7. 

Moisture  was  determined  in  the  usual  way. 

The  following  results  were  received: 


Free  Sulphur 149b 

I ron  as  Fe 5o  /0 

Sodium  Sulphate- 60.11  b 

Silica 11.91  b 

Insoluble  Matter ,... 14. 78  b 

Moisture .13.66  b 

Total 100.96  b 

Analysis  on  dry  basis: 

Free  Sulphur . 172b 

I ron  as  Fe . . 406/* 

Sodium  Sulphate 69.64  b 

Silica 13.  78  b 

Insoluble  Matter. . ..17.09  b 


100.987b 


I' 


. 


-9- 


Sample  #4. 

The  next  sample  to  he  analysed  was  perhaps  one  of 
the  most  prominent  of  the  stock  tonics  on  the  market.  It 
advertised  the  following  compositions } 1-Sulphate  of  Iron 
2-Charcoal  5-Carbonized  Peat  4-Sodium  Chloride  5-Magnesium 
Chloride  6-Epsom  Salts  7-Q.uassia  Root  8-Tobacco  9-Gentian 
Root.  Many  of  these  substances  have  a medicinal  value  and 
the  substance  should  be  of  high  value  as  a tonic. 

Quantitative  Methods. 

Percentage  of  moisture  obtained  in  the  usual  way. 

Ferrous  Iron  was  determined  by  the  Zimmermann-Reinhardt 
method  described  in  Sample  #5. 

Total  Chlorides  were  determined  by  the  Fr.  Mohr  method 
described  in  Sample  #5. 

Total  Sulphates  were  obtained  by  the  Barium  Chloride 
method. 


Free  Sulphur  was  determined  by  the  Carbon  Disulphide 
method  of  extraction. 

The  method  of  B.  Schmitz?'"  was  used  for  the  determination 
of  Magnesium. 

(Treadwell  and  Hall  "Analytical  Chemistry"  Vol.II  P.  67) 

A five  gram  sample  of  the  tonic  was  weighed  out  ana  dissolved 
in  hot  distilled  water.  The  solution  was  then  filtered  and 
filtrate  made  slightly  acid  with  dilute  Nitric  Acid.  Crys- 
tals of  Ammonium  nitrate  were  then  added  and  solution  heated 
to  boiling  and  then  treated  with  an  excess  of  Sodium  Phos- 
ohate.  One  third  the  volume  of  10%  Ammonium  Hydroxide  was  at 
once  added  and  solution  allowed  to  stand  for  several  hours. 


. 


' 


-10- 


The  precipitate  was  then  filtered  through  a weighed  Gooch 
and  washed  with  2>%  Ammonium  Hydroxide,  dried  ana  ignitea 
slowly  over  a Bunsen  flame  and  finally  ignited  to  a white 
powder  in  a Muffle  furnace.  After  cooling  the  Magnesium  Pyro- 
phosphate was  weighed. 

Q,uassia  shavings  were  mechanically  separated  and  found 
to  be  present  in  a very  small  amount.  The  shavings  were 
macerated  in  a few  c.c.  of  hot  water  and  on  testing  the  ex- 
tremely bitter  taste  of  Q.uassia  was  received. 

and  Tb  d’crcc.o 

Gentian,,1**^  found  to  be  present  in  a very  minute  amounts 

ti 

and  w ene  not  determined  quanAt ati vely.  The  microscope  was  also 
used  as  an  aid  in  the  detection  of  these  three  substances. 

In  the  calculation,  Sodium  Chloride  and  Magnesium 
Chloride , Magnesium  Sulphate  and  Iron  Sulphate  were  calculated 
indirectly.  Knowing  the  total  percentage  of  Sulphate  and  the 
percent  Iron,  the  percent  Iron  Sulphate  was  calculated  in  the 
following  manner: 

Be  : SO4 : :#Fe  : X X«/£Sulphat e used  as  Iron 

Sulphate. 

iL|__SQA  x foFeZ/oFe  SO 4 

-T  6 

Subtracting  the  amount  of  sulphate  used  as  PeS04  from  the 

total  sulohate  gave  tne  sulphate  to  be  used  as  MgSG^. 

The  percent  of  Magnesium  being  determined,  the  percent  of 

MgS04  was  found  in  the  following  manner: 

Mg  : SO4  : :X:/<?Su  Innate  to  be  used  as  MgS04* 

X*L/o  of  Mg.  to  be  used  as  MgS04. 

MgSQu  x jo  of  Mg.  to  be  used:  ^MgS04 . 

Mg 

In  a similar  manner  Magnesium  Chloride  and  Sodium  Chloride 


were  calculated. 


- 

* • 

'w  ! Wt 

. 


: : 


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• • . 


■ 


-11- 


The  following  results  were  obtained: 

Moisture . 796/* 

Insoluble  latter  (charcoal,  peat, 

and  roots).... 4. 37  /* 

Free  Sulphur 1.942/* 

Iron  Sulphate 1.469/* 

Magnesium  Sulpiiate 389/* 

Magnesium  Chloride 83b/* 

Sodium  Chloride .89  . 

Total 100 . 627/* 


. 


I u, 


-12- 

Sample  #b. 

This  tonic  was  of  the  salt  block  type.  It  w as  lignt 
brown  in  color  and  of  a salty  taste.  In  water  solution  it  was 
neutral  to  litmus. 

A qualitative  test  was  run  to  determine  the  composi- 
tion. Effervesence  upon  the  addition  of  dilute  Hydrochloric 
Acid  proved  the  presence  of  Carbonates.  On  the  addition  of 
Silver  Nitrate  and  Nitric  Acid  to  the  water  solution,  the 
characteristic  test  for  chlorides  was  obtained.  The  presence 
of  the  Sulphate  was  obtained  by  the  use  of  Barium  Chloride. 

Iron  was  found  on  the  addition  of  Hydrochloric  Acid  and  tnen 
Ammonia,  and  a blood  red  coloration  with  KCNS  denoted  the 
ferric  salt.  Sulphur  was  found  present  in  the  free  state  on 
tne  addition  of  a little  dilute  Hydrochloric  Acid  and  the  dry 
powder  on  a silver  coin. 

Quantitative  Methods. 

Sodium  Chloride  was  determined  by  the  f’r.  Mohr’s  method". 

(Schimpf’s  “Volumetric  Analysis”  P171) 

A five  gram  sample  of  tne  tonic  was  weighed  out,  dissolved  in 

/V 

water,  filtered  and  titrated  with  factor  lCSh  normal  Silver 
Nitrate  using  Potassium  Chromate  as  an  indicator. 

The  ferric  salt  was  determined  as  follows:  five  grams  of 
the  tonic  was  dissolved  in  dilute  Hydrochloric  Acid,  filtered, 
a few  c.c.  Bromine  water  added  and  boiled  for  five  minutes.  On 
cooling,  Ammonia  was  added  until  solution  was  alkaline  and  Ferri  c 
Hydroxide  precipi tated , filtered  and  washed.  The  jerric  Hydro- 
xide was  redissolved  in  dilute  HC1  and  the  solution  treated 

• l 

according  to  the  Zimmermann-Reinhardt  method#- • 

(Treadwell  and  Hall  "Analytical  Chemistry"  Vol.II  P.  607) 


. 

. 


' 


-13- 


The  sulphate  was  determined  by  the  usual  method  of  pre- 
cipitation with  Barium  Chloride  in  acid  solution,  allowing  to 
stand  twelve  hours,  then  filtering  through  a weighed  Gooch, 
dried  and  weighed.  Five  gram  sample  was  used. 

Carbonates  were  determined  using  Parr's  Total  Carbon 
apparatus.  The  Carbon  Dioxide  evolved  on  the  addition  of 
dilute  HC1  and  subsequent  heating  to  boiling  was  absorbed  in 
NaOH  and  c.c's  absorbed  noted.  Barometer  pressure  and  tempera- 
ture at  the  time  of  the  operation  was  also  noted.  From  Parr's 
Total  Carbon  table  the  factor  used  was  obtained. 

Calculations : 


atomic  wt . of  BaHCO^ 

Factor  x c.c's  absorbed  x 1000  x 1QQ  x atomic  wt ♦ of  C. 

wt . of  sample 


% NaHC03 


Free  sulphur  was  obtained  by  extraction  with  Carbon 
Disulphide  by  means  of  a Soxhlet  extractor  and: .then  evaporating 
off  the  Carbon  Disulphide,  leaving  the  pure  sulphur  which  is 
weighed  directly. 

Moisture  was  determined  in  tne  usual  way . 

Results : 


Moisture 2 3;yo 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 97$ 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.73 /o 

Sodium  Chloride 94.98$ 

Free  Sulphur.  2b$ 

Ferric  Oxide  as  Fe . 9 2b/o 


100.088 $ 


* 


. 


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. 


. 

* 


•s< 


-14- 


S ample  #6. 

Sample  #6  was  similar  to  Sample  #5.  It  was  of  the 
salt  block  type,  and  upon  a qualitative  examination  the  pre- 
sence of  sulphates,  chlorides,  free  sulphur,  carbonates,  and 
ferric  iron  was  s/iown. 

Quantitative  Methods. 

The  methods  used  in  this  analysis  were  the  same  as  tnose 
used  in  Samole  #5,  so  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  repeat  the 
details  of  procedure. 

The  results  of  the  analysis  are  as  follows: 


Ferric  Oxide  as  Fe 1.30% 

Sodium  bicarbonate 1.12% 

Sodium  Sulphate 8.38% 

Sodium  Chloride 88.03 % 

Free  Sulphur l.Q7/o 

Moisture  . . . . 68 /o 


100.  oQ'/o 


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* 

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• . 

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-15- 


' 

Sample  #7. 

Sample  fjl  was  a liquid  stock  tonic.  It  was  claimed 
to  be  a cure  for  worms,  anemic  condition,  disability  of  tile 
stomach,  etc.  The  liquid  was  brownish  in  color,  had  a peculiar 
sweetish  odor  and  a bitter  taste.  It  was  supposed  to  contain 
less  than  2 /o  Ferric  Oxide. 

Qualitative  Tests. 

A complete  qualitative  test  was  run  on  this  sample 
with  the  result  that  sulphate,  ferric  and  feiruus  salts,  silica 
and  a volatile  oil  were  found. 

Quantitative  Methods. 

Iron  was  found  to  be  present  In  both  the  ferric  and 
ferrous  state.  The  bottle  was  well  shaken  and  bc.c's  were 
drawn  out  by  means  of  a pipette,  placed  in  a weighing  bottle, 
and  weignt  obtained.  Since  ferrous  sulphate  is  soluble  in  a 
water  solution,  the  sample  was  filtered,  and  filtrate  oxidized 
with  Bromine  water,  precipitated  with  Ammonia , precipitate  re- 
dissolved in  HC1  and  tne  Zimmermann-Reinhardt  method  followed. 

In  this  way  the  amount  of  ferrous  iron  was  obtained.  The 
ferric  compound  left  as  the  insoluble  matter  on  the  filter- 
paper  was  completely  dissolved  in  HC1, and  the  Zimmermann- 
Reinhardt  method  was  also  used  in  this  determination.  Total 
sulphate  was  then  determined  by  the  usual  method  with  Barium 
Chloride.  Since  part  of  the  iron  was  present  in  the  sample  as 
ferrous  sulphate,  it  was  simply  a matter  of  calculation  to  bb- 
tain  the  percentage  of  Ferrous  Sulphate.  Sodium  Sulphate  was 
also  present  in  the  tonic  and  by  means  of  subtracting  tne  amount 
of  sulphate  used  as  Ferrous  Sulphate  from  the  total  Sulphate 
gave  the  amount  of  sulphate  present  as  Sodium  Sulphate. 


. 

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. 

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■ 


. 


-16- 


The  amount  of  Silicate  present  was  determined  by  weighing 
out  a definite  amount  of  the  solution  and  filtering.  The  in- 
soluble matter  on  the  filter  paper  was  washed  into  a casserole 
and  dilute  HC1  added.  The  solution  was  then  evaporated  to  dry- 
ness on  a steam  bath  until  the  Silica  is  completely  denydratea. 
It  was  then  taken  up  with  water  and  dilute  HC1  and  filtered. 

The  Silica  and  filter  paper  was  then  put  in  a crucible  and  paper 
burned  off.  Sodium  Carbonate  was  added  and  the  mixture  fused 
for  thirty  minutes.  The  fusion  was  then  dissolved  in  dilute 
HCl  and  again  filtered.  The  Silica  is  now  practically  pure. 

The  Silica  with  filter  paper  is  placed  in  a crucible  and  after- 
paper  has  been  burned  off,  it  is  cooled  and  weighed.  Then  tne 
Silica  is  covered  with  two  or  three  c.c’s  of  water,  a , drop  or 
so  af  concentrated  Sulphuric  Acid  added,  and  5 c.c.  of  pure 
HF.  It  is  then  evaporated  under  a hood,  at  first  slowly,  and 
after  all  fumes  have  been  expelled,  it  is  finally  heated  over 
a blast  lamp,  cooled,  and  final  weight  taken.  The  difference 
between  the  two  weignts  gives  tne  amount  of  Silica  present. 

The  quickest  and  easiest  method  of  obatining  the  volatile 
oil  was  found  to  be  by  steam  distillation.  Approximately 
seventy  grams  of  the  sample  was  weighed  out  and  placed  in  a 
distilling  flask  and  steam  distilled  until  all  the  volatile  oil 
came  over  in  the  receiving  flask.  The  volatile  oil  was  then 
completely  ext r acted -from  the  water  solution  with  chloroform 
and  the  chloroform  allowed  to  slowly  volatilize  off  leaving 
the  oil.  Reference  was  then  made  to  Alien's  "Commercial 
Organic"  for  the  determination  and  identification  of  volatile 
oils.  Two  methods  were  suggested:  1-specific  gravity,  2-index 


. 

. 

. 

. 


-17- 


of  refra.cticn.  The  specific  gravity  was  obtained  by  weighing 
in  a small  glass  tube  a certain  amount  of  the  oil  against  an 
exactly  equal  amount  of  water.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  oil 
was  found  to  be  approximately  1.072  at  25°C.  The  index  of  re- 
fraction of  the  oil  was  next  determined  and  it  was  not  easy  to 
get  a correct  reading,  but  at  25° G.  the  index  of  refraction  was 
between  3 and  4.  Tne  oil  corresponding  to  this  data  was  oil  of 
sassafrass.  It  was  also  recognized  by  its  characteristic  odor. 

The  small  amount  of  free  sulphur  obtained  was  in  all 
probability  due  to  the  decomposition  of  tne  Carbon  Disulphide 
used. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  tonic  was  tnen  obtained  by 
weighing  a definite  amount  of  the  solution  against  an  exactly 
equal  amount  of  water  and  applying  tne  specific  gravity 
formula. 

The  following  results  were  obtained: 

% by  weight  % by  volume 


Ferrous  Sulphate 1.38  % 1.43  /o 

Sodium  Sulphate . 72  > .74  /o 

Ferric  Oxide ,081%  .084/* 

Oil  of  Sassafrass . 5b  % . ol  /o 

Silica «40  % .41  / o 

Free  Sulphur .09  /o  . 09  7/* 

Water 96.7 79/<?  96 . 669/? 

Total 100.00  70  100.00  /* 

Specific  Gravity 1.0290. 


. 


V 

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. 


. 

.... 


. 


-IS- 


Sample  #8. 

Many  of  the  stock  cures  at  present  on  the  market  have 
for  their  main  ingredient  many  species  of  seeds  and  roots.  The 
most  common  seeds  and  roots  that  are  used  are  the  different 
varieties  of  wormseed,  such  as  the  Levant  wormseed,  American 
wormseed , May  Apple  root,  Poke  root,  Quassia,  Gentian,  Tobacco , 
etc.  The  Levant  wormseed  contains  the  valuable  Santonin,  an 
inner  lactone  with  the  chemical  formula  . However,  when 

the  seed  is  added  to  the  stock  tonic,  it  is  very  nearly 
desantoninized.  Thus  the  seed  not  containing  the  Santonin  is 
practically  worthless  as  far  as  medicinal  value  is  concerned. 
Some  tonics  advertise  Santonin  as  the  principle  ingredient. 
Santonin  has  a high  medicinal  value  on  account  of  its  ability  tG 
expell  all  forms  of  intestinal  worms  if  taken  in  sufficient 
quanties.  Its  nigh  cost  prevents  its  use  in  tonics  in  any 
large  amounts.  Accordingly,  K.  Thaeter's  method  of  extraction 
of  Santonin  from  wormseed  was  used^’ 

(AutSnrietn  and  Warren  "Deflection  of  Poisons"  P.  27b) 

This  method  calls  for  the  extraction  of  tne  Santonin  with 
absolute  alcohol , using  the  Soxhlet  extractor  for  twelve  hours. 
The  alcohol  is  then  evaporated  off  and  the  white  residue  boiled 
with  lime  water  to  form  Calcium  Santoninate.  Filter  while  hot 
and  wash  the  residue  with  water.  Faintly  acidify  the  filtrate 
with  Sulphuric  Acid  and  warm  gently  until  Santonin  crystals 
begin  to  form.  Then  add  100  grams  of  Aluminium  Acetate  solu- 
tion (dissolve  300  parts  of  Aluminium  Sulphate  in  800  parts 
water;  add  Acetic  acid  (specific  gravity. . 1. 04 ) 360  parts; 
triturate  130  parts  Calcium  Carbonate  with  200  parts  water, 
and  add  this  mixture  slowly  and  with  constant  stirring  to  the 


. 

. 


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-19- 


first  solution,  allow  to  stand  twenty  four  hours,  and  filter. 

Use  filtrate. ),  heat  the  mixture  to  boiling  ana  finally  evap- 
orate to  dryness  on  water  bath.  Mix  the  finely  powdeied  resi- 
due with  three  grams  of  MgO , moisten  a little  with  water  and 
bring  quichly  to  dryness.  Powder  the  residue,  dry  at  10b°C.  and 
extract  in  a Soxhlet  with  anhydrous  ether  for  five  hours. 
Santonin  is  deposited  upon  distilling  the  ether  as  a faintly 
yellowish  residue  which  is  then  dried  at  100° C.  to  a constant 
weight.  On  account  of  the  small  amount  of  Santonin  in  the 
sample  and  the  errors  liable  to  be  made  in  the  working  out  of 
the  method,  the  quantitative  determination  of  Santonin  was 
omitted . 

The  tonic  was  then  tested  for  other  chemicals.  A 
cathartic  should  be  present  to  expell  the  worms  destroyed  by 
the  Santonin.  Calomel  (HgCl)  was  found  to  be  the  necessary 
cathartic.  It  was  decided  tnat  it  would  be  best  to  determine 
the  mercury  present  as  metallic  mercury^. 

(Treadwell  and  Hall  "Analytical  Chemistry"  Vol.  II  P.  171) 
Almost  all  mercury  compounds  are  quantitatively  decomposed  on 
heating  with  lime  according  to  the  equation 
HgX  + CaO  = CaX  + Hg  + 0. 

To  carry  out  this  determination,  a glass  tube  60cm.  long  and 
1.5  cm.  wide,  open  at  both  ends,  is  taken  ana  in  one  ena  an 
asbestos  plug  is  placed,  followed  by  eight  cm.  of  pure  lime, 
then  an  intimate  mixture  of  a weighed  amount  of  substance  with 
lime,  finally  a layer  of  lime  about  30cm.  long  and  at  tne  other 
end  of  the  tube  another  asbestos  plug.  After  tne  tube  nas  been 
filled,  tne  end  nearest  this  second  plug  is  drawn  out  until  only 


' 


« 


-20- 


4 cm.  wide,  and  is  connected  by  means  of  rubber  tubing  to  a 
Peligot  tube.  In  absence  of  any  Peligot  tube,  a weighed  U- 
tube  was  used.  In  the  other  part  of  the  U-tube  , gold  leaf  was 
placed.  The  glass  tube  was  placed  in  a combustion  furnace 
and  illuminating  gas  passed  through  for  a half  hour.  Finally 
the  tube  was  slowly  heated,  first  where  the  30  cm.  of  lime  was. 
During  the  whole  of  the  operation,  illuminating  gas  was 
passed  slowly  through  the  tube.  The  mercury  condensed  in  the 
U-tube,  but  also  much  water  from  the  lime  and  resin  from  the 
seed  present  were  collected  in  the  tube  maid  rig  a correct 
weight  impossible.  Also  a small  amount  of  mercury  collected 
in  the  drawn  out  end  of  the  glass  tube.  It  was  decided  the 
best  thing  to  do  in  this  case  was  to  dissolve  the  mercury  in 
aqua  regia.  Accordingly,  the  mercury  in  the  U-tube  and  that 
in  the  end  of  the  combustion  tube  was  dissolved  by  aqua  regia 
and  then  evaporated  to  dryness  on  the  steam  bath.  A few  c.c's 
more  of  aqua  regia  was  added  and  solution  washed  with  dilute 
I1C1  into  a weighed  beaker.  It  was  brought  to  dryness  twice 
and  then  weighed  as  mercuric  chloride.  The  factor 
Kg  Cl 

Hg'ci  x wt . of  HgCL,  x 100  divided  by  sample,  gave  the  percent 
of  mercuous  chloride. 

The  other  substance  in  the  sample  was  the  seed  itself, 
and  a carbonate.  It  could  not  be  determined  v/hether  the 
Santonin  was  in  the  seed  or  if  it  had  been  put  in  and  mixed 
with  the  seed.  In  all  probability,  seed  containing  Santonin 
was  placed  in  the  tonic  and  then  the  KgCl  and  NaHCOj  and  the 
seed  pressed  together  into  the  tablet-like  samples. 

The  last  substance  to  be  found  was  carbonates.  The 


. • 


, 

* 

. M 

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, 


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-21- 


amount  present  was  found  by  using  Parr’s  Total  Carbon  apparatus 
tiie  details  of  which  were  given  under  Sample  ffZ. 

The  results  of  this  analysis  are  as  follows: 


Insoluble  Matter 57.82 fa 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 53.2 b/ii 

Mercurous  Chloride.  ....  ♦ , S ♦ ybyo 


100. 40/* 


. 


. 


-22- 


List  of  ingredients  in  stock  tonics  analysed 
and  medicinal  value  of  each. 

1.  Iron  as  Ferrous  Sulphate.  Of  high  medicinal  value, 
especially  valuable  as  a blood  builder,  supplying  the  Iron 
necessary  for  the  blood  cells. 

2.  Iron  as  Ferric  Oxide.  Of  medicinal  value,  proTorably  forms 
Ferric  Chloride  on  reaction  with  the  HC1  of  the  stomach,  thus 
supplying  iron  to  tne  blood  cells. 

3.  Sodium  Sulphate  or  Glauber  Salts.  Its  chief  use  is  as  a 
laxative.  Should  always  be  given  in  water  solution. 

4.  Charcoal.  Used  mainly  as  a stomach  sweetner  and  cleanser. 

5.  Sodium  Bicarbonate.  Perhaps  its  chief  use  is  as  a stomach 
sweetner,  neutralizing  the  excess  acid  often  formed  in  the 
stomach.  It  is  also  often  used  as  a mild  laxative. 

6.  Santonin.  Noted  for  its  ability  to  expell  all  forms  of 
intestinal  worms.  Of  high  medicinal  value  when  used  in  proper 
amounts.  It  is  tne  chief  constituent  of  Levant  worrnseed. 

7.  Mercurous  Chloride  or  Calomel.  Chief  use  is  as  a cathartic. 
It  has  a quick  and  positive  action  on  the  bowels.  It  is  often 
used  along  with  Santonin  or  other  worm  destroyers  to  get  rid 

of  the  dead  worms. 

S.  Fiee  Sulphur.  Laxative,  diaphoretic  and  resolvent.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  rendered  soluble  by  the  alkali  of  the  bile. 
Supposed  to  be  a blood  purifier. 

9.  Oil  of  Sassafrass.  Of  no  real  medicinal  value.  Its  chief 
use,  similar  to  licorice,  is  to  give  the  tonic  a pleasant 
flavor.  In  large  quantities,  it  acts  as  a narcotic. 

10.  Silica.  Of  no  known  medicinal  value.  Regarded  simply  as 
a filler  to  give  weight  to  the  tonic. 


o •? 

* 


. 

. 


. 

. 

, 

. 


-23- 


11.  Sodium  Chloride.  Acts  in  small  doses  as  a stomachic  tonic; 

in  larger  ones  as  a purgative.  Its  most  common  use,  however,  is 
as  an  appetizer. 

12.  Magnesium  sulphate  or  Epsom  salts.  Used  Ufcainly  as  a lax- 
ative. 

13.  Quassia  Root.  Has  tne  property  of  simple  hitters.  It  is 
purely  tonic,  invigorating  the  digestive  organs,  with  little 
excitement  of  the  circulation  or  increase  of  animal  neat.  Use- 
ful in  failure  of  appetite.  Also  helpful  in  conit ipat ion. 

14.  Gentian  Root.  Excites  the  appetite  and  invigorates  the 
indigestion.  Helps  many  stomach  ailments. 

15.  Tobacco.  Often  used  in  tonic  because  of  the  fact  that 
intestinal  worms  are  destroyed  after  eating  the  tobacco  leaf. 

Must  be  given  in  rather  large  amounts  to  have  any  effect. 


. 

I 


-24- 


III  Discussion  of  Results. 


Inspection  of  the  various  analysis  which  were  carried 
out  will  show  that  substances  like  iron,  salt,  charcoal,  free 
sulphur,  and  sodium  sulphate  are  present  in  the  majority  of 
the  stock  tonics  of  the  three  types  analysed.  In  the  majority 
of  cases,  the  standard  methods  of  analysis  were  applicable  and 
gave  accurate  results.  Inspection  of  tne  results  will  also 
show  that  the  ingredients  of  tne  nignest  medicinal  value  were 
to  be  found  in  small  quantities,  while  fillers  which  have  no 
medicinal  value,  such  as  silica,  spent  wormseed,  or  a nun- 
medicinal  seed,  weie  often  added  to  give  the  substance  weight. 
In  all  cases  except  those  in  which  the  moisture  content  was 
less  than  one  percent,  the  results  were  calculated  on  a dry- 
basis. 


. 


. 


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-25- 


IV  Summary. 

Three  general  types  of  tonics  were  analysed.  The 
powder  type,  Samples  rf 1 , 2,  and  2,  usually  contained  Charcoal, 
Iron,  Tree  Sulphur,  Sodium  Sulphate,  Silica  and  Salt.  In  the 
salt  cake  type,  Samples  #4,  5,  and  6,  the  most  common  constit- 
uents are  Salt,  Iron  and  Sodium  Carbonate.  The  liquid  type 
usually  has  water  as  a solvent  to  a large  percentage.  Other 
substances  contained  in  the  liquid  form  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  salt  block  and  powder  type.  Sample  #7  is  a fair  ex- 
ample of  the  liquid  type. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  standard  methods  of 
analysis  can  be  used  in  nearly  all  cases  with  accurate  results 
and  a saving  of  time.  Many  of  the  tests  are  of  a simple  nature 
and  can  be  quickly  and  accurately  applied  for  a rapid  method  of 
analysis. 

The  microscope  was  used  to  a good  advantage  in 
detecting  and  determining  the  presence  of  seeds,  roots  and 
barks  present  in  the  tonic. 

A list  of  medicinal  values  of  the  various  ingredients 
was  prepared  in  order  to  obtain  an  idea  of  the  substances  of 
the  highest  value.  It  was  found  that  the  substances  of  the 
best  medicinal  value  were  found  to  be  present  in  small  ..quantities  , 
in  some  cases  too  small  to  be  of  any  value  as  a tonic. 


